WkSht+Breathing+System

=__PHYSIOLOGY 1__ = = = =__WORKSHEET BREATHING SYSTEM__ =


 * Explain the process of inhalation and exhalation of air (pulmonary ventilation). Mention all structures involved and the result of their actions.


 * List the factors that affect pulmonary ventilation and the effects of these factors on the amount of air inhaled or exhaled.


 * Why is it important to inhale air through the nose and not the mouth? Be expansive in your response.


 * Explain the Haldane effect.


 * Describe the exchange of ions during the chloride shift and the reason for this movement of ions.


 * Discuss the transport of CO 2 in the blood under conditions of normal blood temperature and pressure.


 * Explain how Oxygen is transported in the blood.

Many factors affect the concentration of respiratory gases in the blood. Study the graphs below and respond appropriately to the questions and instructions.

1. Explain the relatively ease of saturation at pH 7.6 2. Compare the saturation capacities under the various pH conditions depicted above 3. What is the percentage saturation of oxygen at pH 7.2 when the P O2 is 60 mmHg? 4. At which P O2 is saturation achieved when blood pH is normal ?

........ Play around with P O2 values to read off percentage saturation

Study the graphs below and apply the same questions and instruction as above.





__Smoking is one of the most hazardous social practices because it is socially acceptable, unlike the use of other drugs__

in which they are not allowed to smoke. - Discuss the effects smoke inhalation on the lungs - How would these effects be altered if an individual is trapped in the fire? - What are the long-term effects on the lungs if exposed to hot smoke inhalation frequently.
 * Describe the effect of smoking on the lungs of the smoker as well as on passive smokers who are forced to inhale the polluted air from people crowding entrances to buildings
 * Paramedics have their hands full when fire season hits the Western Cape. Cigarette butts are major contributors to the start of veld fires.


 * Most lung cancer sufferers have smoked cigarettes for some part of their lives. Provide some reasons for failure of a smoker, who wants to quit, to really stop smoking.

* Explain the homeostatic control of breathing. Mention the factors, receptors and centres involved in this control mechanism.

* Draw a graph to show the role of CO 2 in control of breathing. Make use of the concepts hyper- and hypocapnia as well as respiratory acidosis and alkalosis


 * Explain how aging and exercise affect the rate and efficienty of breathing.